A caliphate, known as “Khilafa” in Arabic, is a form of governance led by an Islamic ruler called the caliph (Khalifah). The caliph’s primary responsibility is to guide Muslims based on the teachings of Allah and the commands of Prophet Muhammad PBUH.
There are several caliphates in Islamic history, but the three most prominent ones are the Rashidun Caliphate, the Ummayad Caliphate, and the Abbasid Caliphate. During their reign, these early caliphs unified the Arabian Peninsula under Islam. They expanded their conquests into parts of the Byzantine Empire (which lasted from 330 to 1453 CE) and the entire Sassanian Empire (224-651 CE).
For nearly 13 centuries, from the passing of Prophet Muhammad PBUH in 632 until the abolition of the last Ottoman caliph in 1924, the Islamic world was governed by a caliph. Medina served as the initial capital of the Caliphate before it was moved to Kufa. This blog will discuss one of the most prominent and the first caliphate in Islamic history.
The Rashidun Caliphate
The first caliphate is also knownRashid’ is Arabic as the Rashidun Caliphate. The word ‘rashidun’ is an Arabic word and translates to ‘rightly guided.’ The leadership of the first caliphate began following the death of Prophet Muhammad PBUH in 632 CE, with Abu Bakr RA becoming the first caliph. There were four caliphs in the Rashidun caliphate.
Hazrat Abu Bakar RA
He was born in 573 AD, two years and some months after the birth of the Prophet PBUH. In his childhood, he played with camels, which earned him the nickname ‘Abu Bakr.’ In 591 AD, he entered the trading business as a cloth merchant and grew his business with his hard work.
Even before he became a Muslim, he never indulged in acts of the illiterate and never worshipped idols. He was known as Al-Siddiq, meaning “the truthful,” and exemplified Shari’ah principles through his compassion and integrity.
He was the first man who accepted Islam due to his close friendship with the Prophet PBUH and stood by him in every obstacle. After the death of the Prophet PBUH, he was appointed as the first caliph. During his reign, his biggest achievement was the compilation of the Quran into book form, which he kept in his possession until he passed away. He also expanded Islam beyond the Arabian Peninsula to regions like Syria, Palestine, and Iraq. He passed away on 13th AH (August 23rd, 634 AD) after suffering from 15 days of fever, during which he appointed Umar RA as his successor.
Hazrat Umar RA
Hazrat Umar RA, born in 583 A.D., was the second caliph. Since his grandfather, Nyfayl, was among the individuals whom the Quraysh would consult for judgment, distinguishing between wrong and right was in his blood, and he was given the title of Al-Farooq. His childhood was stripped of any luxury, and his father was harsh with him. But even this didn’t deter him from becoming one of the best rulers in history.
From an early age, he excelled in many sports and knew how to read—a thing that wasn’t very common at the time. He possessed admirable skills, such as trading, which made him among the rich men of Makkah. When Islam started to spread, he preached his hatred towards the religions and took part in the abuse of weaker Muslims. He was on his way to the Prophet’s house to kill him when he passed his sister’s house and heard the recitation of the Quran and converted to Islam.
When Abu Bakr RA’s health started to decline, Umar RA was chosen to be the next caliph. During his reign, he founded the Hijri calendar and was the first to create a department that investigated complaints against state officers. During his rule, Islam expanded at an unprecedented rate, and Muslims ruled over Egypt, Persia, Libya, and many more.
He was martyred by Abu Lulu Al-Fayruz when he stabbed Umar RA with two blades. He passed away on 26 Dhul Hijjah at the age of 63 and was buried alongside the Prophet PBUH and Abu Bakr RA.
Hazrat Uthman RA
After Hazrat Umar RA was assassinated, he appointed a committee of six companions of the Prophet Muhammad (SAW) to choose his successor. This panel included Hazrat Ali (RA), Hazrat Uthman (RA), Abdul Rahman, Sa’ad, Al-Zubayr, and Talha. Hazrat Uthman RA, born in 573 A.D., was selected as the third caliph.
One of the few literate men in Makkah, he embraced Islam quickly upon being informed by Hazrat Abu Bakr RA and had the honor of marrying two daughters of the Prophet (SAW), which earned him the title of ‘the holder of two lights.’ A wealthy individual, he generously contributed to the community by purchasing a well in Medina and expanding the Masjid e Nabwi.
Hazrat Uthman’s most significant contribution was overseeing the compilation of the Quran, establishing a standardized text to resolve discrepancies caused by dialect differences. His caliphate lasted until 656 A.D. when insurgents killed him. Hazrat Uthman RA was buried in Jannatul Baqi cemetery in Medina.
Hazrat Ali RA
Hazrat Ali RA, born in 600 A.D., was Prophet Muhammad’s (SAW) first cousin and son-in-law, married to Hazrat Fatima RA. He was among the earliest converts to Islam and earned the title Asadullah, or “Lion of Allah,” for his exceptional courage in defending the faith. Known for his modest lifestyle and spirituality, he often wore simple clothing. After Hazrat Uthman’s RA assassination, Hazrat Ali RA became the fourth caliph.
He focused on unifying Muslims and striving for peace, facing significant opposition from dissenters. He successfully defeated many rebel factions, notably the Umayyad forces at the Battle of Nahrawan, and implemented tax reforms. His caliphate lasted about five years, ending with his assassination at the age of 63. Hazrat Ali RA was killed by a poisonous sword during Fajar Salah in the mosque on the 20th of Ramadan, 40 A.H. (661 A.D.), marking the conclusion of the Rashidun Caliphate.